0	Innovator	Birth	Death	Description	Extra
2	Health/Drugs/Biotech:
4	Robert Wood Johnson*	1845	1910	Johnson and Johnson founder, pioneered sterile bandages.
6	Earle Dickson			invented Band	Aid at Johnson and Johnson in 1920
8	George Merck IV*			led company to become research giant
10	Eli Lilly			founded company 1876
12	Robert Swanson and Dr. Herbert Boyer*			founded Genentech
14	Gertrude Tendrich*			started Tampax company after buying patents from its inventor, Dr. Earle Haas.
16	Raymond Damadian			MRI inventor, 1978 founded FONAR, makes MRIs
18	Frank Colton	1923		G. D. Searle scientist who invented first oral contraceptive, Enovid
20	Charles Walgreen	1873	1939	pharmacist who started Walgreen’s chain of drug stores, where the milkshake was invented
22	Craig Ventner*			president of Celera Genomics, privatized Human genome project
24	Lydia Pinkham			made herbal remedies in 19th century and earned millions until the government cracked down on her exaggerated claims. One of the most widely	known women of her day.
26	Charles Pfizer			German immigrant who started chemical/pharmaceutical company in Brooklyn in 1849.
28	Lloyd H. Conover			invented tetracycline, formerly most prescribed broad	spectrum antibiotic in US. Senior VP at Pfizer.
30	Andrew Moyer	1899	1959	US Department of Agriculture mycologist who discovered method of mass producing penicillin using culture of corn steep liquor and lactose. Made Fleming’s discovery producible on mass scale for WWII.
32	John C. Sheehan			MIT professor invented method of producing synthetic penicillin.
34	William Kolff			Dutch doctor who came to US and invented kidney dialysis machine and later headed team that invented and tested an artificial heart.
36	Ernst Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern			discovered general anesthetic Pentathol, one of most important drugs in modern medicine. Volwiler later became president and chairman of Abbot Laboratories.
38	Percy Lavon Julian	1899	1975	grandson of slaves who got masters degree from Harvard and PhD from University of Vienna. Invented method of synthesizing cortisone as well as method of producing progesterone and testosterone from soybean oil. Denied professorship at De Pauw University because of race.
40	Wilson Greatbatch	1916		invented medical cardiac pacemaker, founded Greatbatch industries
42	Charles Drew			black doctor who invented the blood bank and who died when a Southern hospital refused to admit him after an auto accident
44	Selman Waksman			Streptomycin
46	Chemicals:
48	Arnold O. Beckman*	1900		pH meter inventor, in 1935 founded Beckman Instruments Co.
50	Herbert Henry Dow*	1866	1930	founded Dow Chemical Co., had 65 patents, produced iodine and mustard gas
52	Elon Hooker	1869	1938	worked with Sperry, Clinton Townsend, and Baekeland and created giant electrochemical company, Townsend Electrochemical.
54	Life Insurance:
56	John Dryden*	1839	1911	founded Prudential, democratized life insurance by selling it to the poor for the first time. Revolutionized industry by investing heavily in new technologies such as the typewriter.
58	Henry B. Hyde			in 1859 founded Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, credited also with creating the American salesman
60	Joseph Knapp	1832	1891	president of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.
62	Anthony Overton	1865	1946	black businessman who established Victory Life Insurance Company, first black	owned insurance in New York state. Failed in Depression.
64	Packaging:
66	Robert Gair			invented machine	made cardboard boxes 1879, built factory
68	Frank Ball*	1857	1943	Built canning business after buying John L. Mason’s patent for Mason jars. Changed food habits of America by preventing spoilage. Ball corporation is now multimillion	dollar corporation.
70	Amanda Theodosia Jones			invented vacuum packed canning
72	Stanley Mason			invented squeezable ketchup bottles, heated pizza boxes, and heatproof plastic microwave cookware, as well as granola bars
74	Earl S. Tupper			invented Tupperware
76	Margaret Knight	1838	1914	invented machine to mass produce paper bags
78	Money:
80	Banking:
82	John Pierpont Morgan	1913
84	Amadeo P. Giannini*	1870	1949	founded Bank of America, banking for the common man.
86	Andrew Mellon	1937
88	Henry Kravis*			Kohlberg, Kravis Roberts, Leveraged Buy Outs, e.g. Nabisco
90	Maggie Lena Walker			First black and female bank president, kept bank afloat during Great Depression
92	James Joseph Ling			merger king
94	Ted Forstmann			matched KKR’s success
96	Sidney Weinberg			Goldman, Sachs
98	Charles Mitchell			Failure  started National City Bank, arrested for tax evasion		started National City Bank, arrested for tax evasion
100	Walter Sachs	1884	1980	joined grandfather’s firm, Goldman, Sachs, and created modern investment bank
102	Henry Brown			patented “receptacle for storing and preserving papers” in 1896, first bank	deposit box
104	Investing:
106	Charles Merrill*			started Merrill Lynch
108	Michael Milken*	1946		innovated use of junk bonds
110	Muriel Siebert			CEO, first woman to buy seat on NY stock exchange
112	Charles Schwab*			discount brokerage
114	John Bogle			Vanguard
116	Warren Buffet			Berkshire Hathaway
118	Victoria Clafin Woodhull			started all	woman owned Wall Street firm in 1870, went broke in 1873 crash
120	Hetty Green			Witch of Wall Street
122	Joseph Sullivan			Derivatives; started Chicago Board Options Exchange
124	Venture Capital:
126	Frederick Cottrell and Charles Walcott			in 1912 started the Research Corporation, non	profit fund that backs inventions. Financed discovery of vitamin B1, Goddard’s research in rockets, and Lawrence’s cyclotron.
128	John Doerr			VC extraordinaire at Kleiner Perkins, funded high	tech revolution
130	Tom Perkins and Gene Kleiner			created modern VC firm
132	Arthur Rock*			backed Intel
134	Don Case – Steve’s brother, successful VC
136	Ann Winblad			top female VC in Silicon Valley
138	General Georges Doriot*			the “father” of venture capital. Founded the nation’s first venture capital firm, American Research and Development (ARD), in Boston and made millions with an investment in DEC.
140	Credit:
142	Lewis Tappan and Robert G. Dun*			formed one of nation’s first credit services, merged into Dun and Bradstreet
144	Frank McNamara*			invented first credit card and helped found Diner’s Club.
146	Richard Fairbank and Nigel Morris			visionaries behind Capital One. Created first customized credit cards and led to the democratization of credit as well as an explosion of American consumer debt.
148	Henry Wells and William Fargo			founded Wells Fargo and American Express
150	Taxes:
152	Henry Wolman Bloch*	1922		tax preparation entrepreneur who founded H & R Block after Congress made tax codes more	c	omplicated. Created	mass tax
154	Consulting:
156	Marvin Bower*			helped found McKinsey and Co, the first all	purpose management consulting company.
158	Business News:
160	Charles Dow and Edward Jones*			founded Dow Jones, first financial news service.
162	Michael Bloomberg*			created modern business news service
164	Labor:
166	Walter Reuther			UAW
168	Harry Hopkins and Harold Ickes			WPA
170	Materials:
172	Daniel O’Conor and Herbert Faber*			founded Formica Corporation
174	George de Mestral			invented Velcro
176	William Edward Hanford and Donald Fletcher Holmes			invented polyurethane in 1942
178	Roy Plunkett			Du Pont chemist who discovered Teflon while doing research in refrigerants.
180	B. F. Goodrich	1841	1888	rubber tycoon who diversified types of products made from rubber.
182	Charles Goodyear*			rubber innovator who invented vulcanization.
184	John Wesley Hyatt			invented celluloid
186	Leo Baekeland
187	*			plastics
189	Wallace Carothers			invented Nylon at Du Pont, suicide
191	William L. McKnight*	1887	1978	legendary 3M manager who shaped company’s success.
193	Patsy Sherman			3M inventor who created Scotchguard
195	Richard Drew			invented Scotch tape at 3M
197	Andrew Carnegie			steel
199	Ken Iverson*			turned the concept of steel mini	mill technology and built Nucor, helping bring about a recrudescence in the American steel industry.
201	Charles Martin Hall*			invented cheap aluminum manufacturing, helped start Alcoa, Aluminum Corporation of America, in Pittsburgh
203	Alfred E. Hunt			backed Hall with money and helped found Aluminum industry
205	Arthur Vining Davis	1867	1962	Aluminum innovator who worked with Hall from start of Alcoa. Pioneered uses for metal and worked with Frank Ball in bringing aluminum into kitchen.
207	Rebecca Webb Lukens			first female CEO of American Industry, took over husband’s Brandywine Iron Works in 1825, now Lukens, Inc.
209	Edward Drummond Libbey			Glass pioneer, had factory and backed Michael Owens,  produced first glass bottles and plate glass, bought patents
211	Robert D. Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz			developed fiber optic cable for Corning glass capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than conventional copper wire
213	Pierre du Pont	1870	1954	helped transform DuPont from munitions company into chemical company, helped found General Motors
215	Thomas Morton Armstrong	1836	1906	In 1860 started with $300 and launched cork business that today has become Armstrong World Industries
217	Frederick Weyerhauser			19th century lumber titan who transformed the industry
219	Julius Niewland			priest and professor at Notre Dame who discovered first synthetic rubber, neoprene, marketed by Du Pont as Duprene.
221	Stephanie Louise Kwolek	1923		invented Kevlar, bullet proof material, at Du Pont.
223	John Ford and John Pitcairn, Jr.			started Pittsburgh Plate Glass, PPG.
225	Delivery/shipping:
227	James Casey*			U.P.S.
229	Fred Smith*	1944		started Federal Express
231	Malcom McLean*			invented shipping containers, transformed industry.
233	Leonard Shoen	1916		truck rental entrepreneur who started U Haul. Made millions, but when company	taken	over by	children,	got	em	broil	ed	in				h	orr	ific	lawsuits and traded accusations of murder. Shoen claimed one of his sons had the wife of another son killed. Business soap opera.
235	Education:
237	Evelyn Wood			Reading Dynamics
239	Chris Whittle			Edison Project
241	Wendy Kopp			Teach for America
243	Conglomerates:
245	Charles Bludhorn			Gulf and Western, Paramount
247	Carl Icahn	1936		corporate raider
249	Power:
251	Oil:
253	John D. Rockefeller	1839	1937
255	Edwin Drake*			invented oil well
257	John Paul Getty	1892	1976	oil tycoon.
259	Fuel:
261	Henry Clay Frick	1849	1919	Coal and steel industrialist
263	Electricity:
265	Irving Langmuir	1881	1957	GE scientist who invented high	vacuum electron tube and gas filled incandescent lamp.
267	William Stanley			invented induction coil (“transformer”) and started Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company, bought by GE in 1903. Worked for Hiram Maxim as young man.
269	Charles Coffin*	1844	1926	helped create GE out of Thomson	Houston and Edison’s company
271	Elihu Thomson and Edwin M. Houston			physicists who formed early power company
273	Charles Proteus Steinmetz			GE electrical innovator
275	Rebecca Mark			vice chairman of Enron
277	George Westinghouse*	1846	1914	invented air brakes for trains, championed AC power
279	Nikola Tesla			invented AC motor, sold idea to Westinghouse
281	Samuel Insull *	1859	1938	lit Chicago and created electrical industry
283	Thomas Edison*	1874	1931	invented industrial laboratory
285	Clothing:
287	Donald Fisher	1928		started the GAP and the Banana Republic and forced department stores to transform.
289	Liz Claiborne*	1929		developed working women’s fashion line and made Fortune 500 in 1986. Democratized women	’s	clothing by keeping	prices a	ffordable	as	women	e	nter	ed	workforce
291	Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman			co	founders of Nike
293	Donna Karan
295	Ralph Lauren	1939
297	Calvin Klein	1942		created first designer jeans
299	Tommy Hilfiger
301	Ellen Demorest			mass production of patterns for home dress making
303	Wilbert Gore*			Invented Goretex and founded industry
305	Levi Strauss*	1829	1902
307	Jacob Davis			tailor who invented metal riveted denim pants and went into business with Levi Strauss
309	Mary Phelps Jacob			invented bra and started company, but didn’t succeed commercially
311	Ida and William Rosenthal*			Russian immigrants who started Maidenform Bra Co. in 1922
313	Whitcomb Judson, Col. Lewis Walker, Gideon Sundback			invented zipper
315	Leon L. Bean	1872	1967	founded L. L. Bean in Maine.
317	Weapons:
319	Samuel Colt	1814	1862	revolver, claimed to have invented interchangeable parts
321	Philo Remington*	1816	1889	perfected breach loading rifle as well as Remington typewriter
323	Hiram Maxim*			radio inventor who invented first machine gun and sold it to European armies before WWI.
325	Oliver Winchester			built successful gun company by buying patents from others.
327	Construction/Real Estate:
329	Stephen Bechtel*	1900	1989
331	William Levitt*
333	Henry Flagler*	1830	1913	Rockefeller associate who transformed Florida, built hotels, railways, canals
335	Donald Trump
337	Fred Trammel Crow	1914		one of least known and most powerful businessmen in America. By 1980s became largest re	al	estate developer in	America.	Pioneere	d w	arehou	se	spa	ce	s.
339	Oris P. and Mantis J. Van Sweringen			built Shaker Heights section of Cleveland
341	Andrew Preston	1846	1924	Banana republican. President of United Fruit Company for 25 years. Bought up large tracts of tropical land in Central America an		d e	xerte	d enormous	influence on local politics to gain preferential treatment for his company. Melded imperialism and the corporation.
343	Millard Fuller			lawyer who founded of Habitat for Humanity based on his Christian principles
345	Hotels:
347	Howard Deering Johnson*	1897	1972
349	Conrad Hilton	1887	1979
351	Kemmons Wilson	1913		founded Holiday Inn
353	Willard Marriott	1900	1985	built Marriott hotel chain.
355	Vice:
357	Gambling:
359	Raymond Smith*			started gambling for the masses in Nevada during Depression
361	Pornography:
363	Hugh Hefner*	1926		made pornography widely accessible and acceptable
365	Robert Guccione			made mass pornography more explicit and challenged Playboy
367	Gangsters/Bootleggers:
369	Al Capone
371	Meyer Lansky*			made mafia into modern corporation
373	Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegal			created modern Las Vegas
375	Prostitution:
377	Polly Adler			famous, successful New York madam
379	Transportation:
381	Cars:
383	Henry Ford*	1863	1947
385	William Durant	1861	1947	founded General Motors, hired Sloan and Kettering
387	Walter Percy Chrysler	1875	1940
389	Lee Iacocca	1924
391	Alfred Sloan*	1875	1966	GM, created modern corporate structure
393	George Selden*			invented car and sued Ford
395	Gordon Sherman			founded Midas Mufflers, chain store auto parts in 1950
397	Henry Martyn Leland			helped invent interchangeable parts for cars
399	Charles Kettering*	1876	1958	founded Delco and invented self starter
401	Garrett Augustus Morgan	1877	1963	invented first traffic signal for automobiles. Patented device and sold to GE for $40,000
403	Mary Anderson			invented and patented windshield wipers in 1905
405	Tractor:
407	Benjamin Holt			founded Caterpillar, invented gasoline	powered tractor
409	John Deere	1804	1886	developed first American cast steel plow. In 1868 his company was incorporated as Deere & Company.
411	Elevator/Escalator:
413	Elisha Otis*	1811	1861	invented safety device and started industry. His sons continued business and helped develop escalator for stores.
415	Jesse W. Reno			invented early escalator as novelty ride at Coney Island
417	Charles Seeberger			invented modern escalator
419	Trolleys:
421	Frank Julian Sprague			set up public system in Richmond, VA and 100 other cities
423	Henry M. Whitney			Boston tram monopoly
425	Henry E. Huntington			(nephew of train magnate) set up LA system and pulled city together
427	Trains:
429	Edward Harriman	1909
431	Cornelius Vanderbilt	1794	1877	turned shipping business into RR empire
433	James Hill	1916
435	Collis Huntington, Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins
437	Jay Gould
439	George Pullman	1831	1897
441	John Stewart Kennedy			financed RR building
443	Theodore Judah
445	Asa Whitney
447	Thomas Durant			Union Pacific
449	Motorcycles:
451	William Harley and William A. Davidson			Harley	Davidson founders
453	Trucks:
455	Joseph Mack*			invented passenger bus and with his brothers founded Mack Truck
457	John K. Hanson	1913		founded Winnebago industries
459	Rockets:
461	Robert Goddard
463	Ships/Boats:
465	Henry Kaiser*	1882	1967
467	Ole Evinrude			invented first commercially successful outboard motor, founded co.
469	Ted Arison	1924		founded Carnival Cruise lines, largest cruise line in world with 11 ships.
471	Tires:
473	Harvey Firestone*	1868	1938
475	Air:
477	Frank Lorenzo	1940		failed Eastern Airlines CEO
479	Robert Crandall			American Airlines
481	Igor Sikorsky	1889	1972	invented first working helicopter for United Technologies
483	Thomas Elmer Branniff	1883	1954	Branniff founder who pioneered many of first foreign commercial routes. Created major air routes to South America. First person to configure planes to provide first and tourist class service on same flight. Devoutly religious. Cf. Trippe.
485	Donald Calvin Burr*	1941		People Express founder who became one of the most successful and innovative businessmen	i	n 1980s. Great failu	re story,	defeated	by	infor	ma	tion	t	echnology after starting the fastest growing airline in aviation history.
487	William Lear*	1902	1978	founded Learjet, invented 8	track cassette, helped start Motorola
489	Howard Hughes	1905	1976
491	Juan Trippe*	1899	1981	airline carrier innovator who started Pan Am
493	Donald Douglas*	1892	1981	airplane innovator. The DC	3 was the most successful plane in aviation history.
495	Wilbur and Orville Wright			sold planes to US Army after inventing first self	powered airplane
497	James McDonnell	1899	1980	major government contractor
499	Edward William Boeing	1956
501	Herb Kelleher			innovative CEO of Southwest
503	Leonard Michael Greene			invented stall warning device, founded Safe Flight Corp.
505	Olive Ann Beech			took over husband’s Beech Aircraft
507	Glenn Martin	1886	1955	airplane pioneer and innovator, who founded the Glenn Martin Company in 1917
509	Recreational transportation:
511	Joseph Armand Bombardier			– invented snowmobile in 1957
513	Clayton Jacobsen II			invented Jet Ski and company to produce them
515	Frank Zamboni			invented ice resurfacing machine found at almost every skating rink
517	Law:
519	Reginald Lewis	1942	1993	founded first black Wall Street law firm and worked with Milken in $1 billion takeover of Beatrice Foods. Died at age 50.
521	Samuel Dodd*			John Rockefeller’s lawyer who invented the trust.
523	Robert Mnookin			Harvard Law School professor who pioneered corporate arbitration
525	Louise Raggio			founded one of most successful women’s credit unions in nation, Women’s Southwest Federal Credit Union, pioneered equal loans for women, and credited with laying groundwork for the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974.
527	Joel Zylberberg Hyatt	1950		founded Hyatt Legal services, chain of storefront legal clinics designed to m	ake le	gal serv	ices avail	able	an	d aff	or	dab				le	to	the	middle class. Based on Henry Bloch’s tax preparation model and funded in part by Bloch.
529	Security:
531	Allan Pinkerton	1819	1884	detective agency entrepreneur who rented out spies during the Civil War and who later helped industrialists crack down violently		ag	ainst	labor uni	ons.
533	Management:
535	Frederick Winslow Taylor*	1856	1915	introduced principles of scientific management
537	Frank and Lillian Gilbreth			developed ideas of scientific management
539	Jack Welch*			recently retired GE chairman
541	Food:
543	James Lewis Kraft			founder of Kraft Foods who started selling cheese in Chicago in 1903
545	Marcus L. Urann	1873	1963	Boston lawyer who founded Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. Built company into largest producer of cranberry products in world.
547	Howard Schultz*			founded Starbucks Coffee
549	Mo Siegel			started Celestial Seasonings as teas for hippies, later turned into corporation
551	Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield			created Ben & Jerry’s and innovative work environment
553	Burton Baskin and Irvine Robbins			created Baskin Robbins and 31 flavors of ice cream in late 40s.
555	Debbie Fields	1956		started Mrs. Fields Cookies and made millions from nationwide chain.
557	Prudencio Unanue*	1886	1976	founder of Goya Foods
559	George Washington Carver	1860	1943	discovered hundreds of uses for products of peanuts and beans. Invented peanut butter.
561	Frank Perdue*	1920		poultry business innovator
563	Paul Newman			created successful philanthropy	focused food company
565	Thomas Monaghan	1937		Founded Domino’s Pizza, promised free pizza if not delivered hot in 30 minute	s and	invented	special c	arry	ing	case	t	o k				ee	p p	izza	s warm.
567	Jay Hormel	1892	1954	meat packer who took over father’s business and invented Spam.
569	Fred Deluca	1948		started Subway Sandwiches chain, one of most successful franchises ever.
571	Clarence Birdseye*	1886	1956	invented method for flash freezing food to preserve taste
573	Joy Morton	1855	1934	started Morton salts and came up with “when it rains, it pours.” Salt used to clump together in humid weather and Morton added a		nti	caki	ng agent i	n 1911 to allow it to flow freely in humid weather. Housewives paid more for it.
575	Roberto Goizueta	1931	1997	rescued Coke from Pepsi challenge
577	Asa Candler*	1851	1929	Bought Coca Cola recipe from Atlanta pharmacist, John Pemberton. Saw coke’s promise as a soft drink, the first national beverage		to	be c	onsumed by	all classes, but failed to see opportunity to bottle it on national and international level. Sold bottling rights to a group of lawyers for $1.
579	Robert Woodruff	1889	1985	Turned Coke into popular national and international drink. Hired Goizueta.
581	Donald Kendall	1921		turned Pepsi into Coke’s powerful rival and expanded company
583	Ray Kroc*	1902	1984	started McDonald’s franchise
585	Forrest Mars, Sr.	1904	1999
587	Margaret Rudkin			Pepperidge Farm
589	William Wrigley*	1861	1932	got America chewing and built parts of Los Angeles and Chicago.
591	Gail Borden	1801	1874	invented condensed milk, started milk company
593	Milton Snavely Hershey*	1884	1946
595	Samuel Bronfman			founder of Seagrams
597	Ann Fudge			heads division of Kraft Foods
599	William Kellogg*	1860	1951
601	Charles Post	1854	1914	stole Kellogg’s recipe after staying in his sanitarium and started Post Cereal. Marketed his products before Kellogg.
603	Henry Heinz*	1844	1919	condiment king
605	Rose Knox	1857	1950	Knox Gelatin Company
607	Jean Neditch*			built Weight Watchers into successful company
609	Jenny Craig	1932		started Jenny Craig weight loss centers with husband, Sid.
611	John Thompson Dorrance	1873	1930	Invented modern method for condensing soup and created Campbell’s coup. Got PhD in organic chemistry and became one of richest m		en	in US	at the ti	me.
613	Adolphus Busch	1839	1913	created leading American beer company, Anheuser Busch, with Eberhard Anheuser. Bought recipe for Budweiser in Germany. Developed		ne	w pas	teurizatio	n process for beer and pioneered refrigerated cars for beer transportation.
615	Gustavus Franklin Swift*	1839	1903	meat packer innovator
617	Philip Danforth Armour*	1832	1901	meat packer who encouraged use of refrigerated cars to bring produce to Northern cities, agents pushed Georgia farmers to grow peaches.
619	Harry Winokur			started Mister Donut Franchise
621	Bill Rosenberg			started Dunkin’ Donuts in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1940s, and helped perfect the franchise
623	Vernon Rudolph			started Krispy Kreme franchise in Kentucky
625	Charles Pillsbury	1842	1899	bought small flour mill in 1869 and within 20 years turned it into largest milling company in the world.
627	Edwin Perkins			invented Kool	Aid
629	Retail:
631	Rowland H. Macy	1822	1877	started Macy’s and pioneered catchy print ads
633	Richard Devos and Jay Van Andel			started Amway, person	to	person marketing system that resembled Christian revivalism.
635	Sebastian Kresge	1867	1966	developed multimillion dollar discount chain and exploited new suburban market in America. Kresge’s stores became known Kmart un		der	mana	ger Harry	Cunningham.
637	Aaron Montgomery Ward*	1843	1913	mail order innovator
639	George Hartford and George Gilman			founded A&P in 1869, The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company.
641	John Wanamaker*	1838	1922
643	Sam Walton	1918	1992
645	George F. Gilman and George Huntington Hartford			started A& P in 1869
647	E. J. Korvette			discount stores
649	Richard Warren Sears	1864	1914	founded Sears
651	Robert Wood			built Sears retail business
653	Arthur Blank, Bernard Marcus			Home Depot founders
655	James Sinegal			Costco
657	Marshall Field	1834	1906	Chicago retail king
659	A. T.  Stewart
661	Frank Winfield Woolworth	1852	1919	innovated Five and Dime stores.
663	J. C. Penney	1875	1971	started chain of department stores across country
665	Tom Stemberg	1949		started Staples, office supply store chain, in 1985
667	Beauty:
669	Sarah Breedlove (Madame Walker)*	1867	1919	first black, woman millionaire, created chain of beauty salons
671	Estee Lauder
673	King Camp Gillette	1855	1932	invented safety razor
675	John Joyce			provided Gillette with money and took over company
677	Jacob Schick			invented electric razor
679	Mary Kay Ash			door	to	door cosmetics
681	Florence Nightingale Graham	1878	1966	created Elizabeth Arden
683	Hazel Bishop			improved lipstick formula, Hazel Bishop, Inc.
685	David McConnel	1858	1937	door to door salesman who started Avon in California. Used free perfume vials to entice housewives to listen to his sales pitche		s.
687	Marjorie Stewart Joyner			invented the “perm,” wave machine that would allow a hairdo to stay set for days
689	Charles Revson	1906	1975	door to door salesman who started Revlon.
691	Martha Matilda Harper*			Christian Scientist who created the franchise. Wanted to create financial independence for women and oppose male	dominated monopolies.
693	Helena Rubenstein	1871	1965	trained as a doctor in Poland, later immigrated to US, via Australia, and started cosmetics empire
695	Eileen Ford			Co	founded Ford Modeling Agency with her husband, Jerry, in 1946
697	Media/Entertainment:
699	Film:
701	Marcus Loew	1870	1927
703	William Fox	1879	1952	founded Twentieth Century Fox in 1914.
705	Louis B. Mayer	1885	1957
707	Adolph Zukor*
709	Jack Warner	1892	1978
711	George Lucas	1944		pioneered special effects in movies and changed industry
713	Walt Disney*	1901	1966
715	Roy Disney			Walt’s older brother who was the financial wizard behind Disney’s magic
717	Michael Eisner	1942		made Disney into modern media empire
719	David W. Griffiths
721	Herbert T. Kalmus and Daniel F. Comstock			invented Technicolor
723	Barry Diller			Paramount, 20th Century Fox, QVC
725	Samuel Goldwyn			MGM
727	Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Mary Pickford			founded United Artists
729	Wayne Huizenga	1937		turned Blockbuster Entertainment into a videocassette giant
731	Circus:
733	P. T. Barnum	1810	1891
735	Charles Ringling	1863	1926
737	Books/ Publishing:
739	Ian Keith Ballantine	1916	1995	Worked with Penguin USA to produce first US paperbacks, sold soft and hard cover books simultaneously to increase market share
741	Frank Doubleday	1862	1934
743	Television:
745	Leonard Goldenson	1905		head of United Paramount Theaters who bought ABC and challenged NBC and CBS
747	David Sarnoff*	1891	1971	RCA CEO
749	Ted Turner	1938		CNN, cable channels
751	Rupert Murdoch
753	William Paley	1901	1990	created CBS
755	Charles Dolan*			cable pioneer, Manhattan Cable, Cablevision, HBO, AMC, MSG Network
757	Sumner  Redstone	1923		Viacom mogul
759	Vince McMahon			founded World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, $200 million a year business
761	Vladimir Zworykin			RCA scientist who invented cathode ray tube
763	Philo Farnsworth*			invented TV
765	Oprah Winfrey*
767	Geraldine Laybourne	1947		took over Nickelodeon and founded Oxygen Media
769	Roy Speer	1932		founded Home Shopping Network in 1982
771	Jim Henson			Henson Associates; the Muppets
773	Bob Pittman			MTV
775	Joan Ganz Cooney*			Founded Children’s Television Workshop
777	Radio:
779	Edwin Armstrong*			invented FM radio
781	Lee De Forest			invented triode
783	Reginald Fessenden			early radio inventor
785	Ernst Alexanderson			GE engineer who invented high	frequency alternator
787	Print:
789	Conde Nast	1873	1942	established magazine empire that appealed to the wealthy and to those who wanted to feel wealthy by creating new “class concept”		ni	che.
791	William Randolph Hearst*	1863	1951	invented modern newspaper
793	Adolph Ochs	1858	1935	made The New York Times into nation’s paper of record.
795	Arthur Hays Sulzberger			Ochs son inlaw who guided paper through 20th Century
797	Joseph Pulitzer	1847	1911
799	Robert McCormick	1880	1955	Chicago newspaper titan
801	Henry Luce*	1898	1967
803	Malcolm Forbes	1990
805	Stan Lee			invented Spiderman, the Hulk, etc, force behind Marvel Comics
807	John H. Johnson*	1918		founded Ebony, Jet, and EM Magazines
809	Earl Graves	1935		created “Black Enterprise” magazine.
811	Eleanor Medill Patterson			editor and publisher of the Washington Times	Herald in 1940s
813	Katherine Graham	1917		transformed Washington Post into major newspaper
815	Louis Rosetto			founded Wired magazine
817	Jann Wenner	1946		Rolling Stone
819	Moses Annenberg and Walter Annenberg			newspaper and magazines, TV Guide.
821	Frank Gannett	1976	1957	newspaper tycoon
823	Al Neuharth	1924		Gannett CEO who created USA Today, first truly national paper
825	Sports:
827	Peter Rozelle* –			NFL commissioner who created Superbowl and made professional sports into media business
829	Albert Spalding*	1850	1915	invented myth of baseball to build sporting goods empire
831	Howard Head			used high	tech composite materials to create skis and tennis rackets, transforming and popularizing two sports (worked for Glenn Martin)
833	Music:
835	Edgar Bronfman	1955		turned Seagrams into media powerhouse
837	Berry Gordy*	1929		founded Motown
839	Suzanne De Passe	1946		black entertainment executive who started de Passe Entertainment. Worked with	Berry	Gordy a	nd Jackson	Fiv	e.
841	George Squire			retired US Army general who invented Muzak in 1930s (name derived from “music” and Squire’s favorite company “Kodak.”)
843	Elvis Presley
845	Michael Jackson
847	Madonna
849	Goddard Lieberson			CBS Records
851	Emile Berliner	1851	1929	invented microphone, helped RCA start music business, started Britain’s Gramophone Co. and Deutsche Gramophone
853	Lew Wasserman	1913		transformed MCA from talent agency into movie company
855	Julian Stein*	1896	1981	ophthalmologist who started MCA, Music Corporation of America, one of most powerful entertainment companies in US.
857	Heinrich Steinweg	1797	1871	German immigrant who started Steinway Piano and Sons. Immigrated to America in 1849.
859	Amar Bose			electrical engineer who founded Bose, stereo company that reinvests all profit into research and development.
861	Ray Dolby	1933		invented noise reduction system and started company
863	Russell Simmons			founded Def Jam and Rush Communications, introduced rap to mainstream audiences
865	Telecommunications:
867	Cyrus Field	1819	1892	laid first trans	Atlantic cable and help start New York City subway system.
869	Harold Geneen	1910	1997	led ITT and made it telecom giant
871	John Malone*			TCI
873	Alexander Graham Bell			invented telephone
875	Gardiner Hubbard	1822	1897	Bell’s father in law. Bell’s original investor who organized first phone company. Hired Theodore Vail, then lest to found Nation		al	Geogr	aphic Soci	ety and the journal “Science.” Introduced gas lighting in Boston and created first street car line between Boston and Cambridge.
877	Elisha Gray			also invented telephone but got to patent office soon after Bell
879	John Kluge			Cell phone billionaire
881	Lynn Forrester			cell phone billionaire, wired Central America
883	Craig McCaw –			founded McCaw Cellular Communications
885	Bill McGowan	1927	1992	started MCI
887	Bernard Ebbers –			MCI Worldcom
889	William Y. Esrey			Sprint CEO who transformed company
891	Cleyson Brown			Kansas entrepreneur who in 1899 founded company that became Sprint
893	Theodore Vail*	1845	1920	created and built AT&T
895	Paul Galvin*	1895	1959	founded Motorola
897	Robert W. Galvin			son who transformed Motorola from radio to wireless phone company
899	Krizstina Holly			MIT scientist who invented telephony software and Visual Voice, multimillion	dollar company based on software that handles call answering, voice	mail, and faxes.
901	Farming:
903	Luther Burbank	1849	1926	developed 800 strains of plants including 113 varieties of plums and prunes, as well as Burbank potato.
905	Cyrus McCormick	1809	1884	made reaper, created International Harvester, and invented installment paying plan
907	Joseph Glidden			invented barbed wire
909	Washington Burpee	1858	1915	founded mail order seed company
911	Joseph McCoy	1837	1915	transformed cattle trade by turning Abilene, Kansas into hub for the rest of the country.
913	Home:
915	Percy Spencer			invented microwave oven
917	Carl Sontheimer			invented Cuisinart
919	Josephine Garis Cochrane* –			invented washing machine and started company that eventually became Whirlpool
921	Martha Stewart	1941		“taste maker for the masses”
923	William Henry Hoover			founded Hoover Vacuum Cleaner Company
925	Isaac Singer	1811	1875	sewing machine marketer and developer
927	Elias Howe			invented sewing machine
929	Frederick Maytag	1857	1937	engineer who created new type of washing machine using water currents for scrubbing to replace rubber scrubbers. Founded Maytag.
931	Willis Carrier*	1876	1950	invented Air Conditioning
933	William Proctor and James Gamble			soap manufacturers
935	Fred Waring and Frederick Osius			in 1935 improved Stephen Poplawski’s 1922 invention of the blender and marketed it with great success
937	Marion Donovan			invented first disposable diaper in 1950
939	S. B. Fuller	1905	1988	soap manufacturer who became one of wealthiest black businessmen in 1950s and 60s. Mentored John Johnson.
941	Photography:
943	George Eastman *	1854	1932	founded Kodak
945	Edwin Land	1909		founded Polaroid
947	Office/Work:
949	William Kelly	1906	1998	created one of first temp agencies and transformed American business practices. Gave housewives a chance to work part
951	Bette Nesmith Graham			Liquid Paper
953	Alfred Back Dick			Mimeograph
955	Joseph Wilson*	1909	1971	CEO of Haloid who invested millions to make Xerox work
957	Chester Carlson*			invented photocopying technology
959	John Dessauer			made Xerox technology work on industrial scale
961	Paul Orfalea			created Kinko’s photocopying chain, helped democratize photocopying
963	John Henry Patterson*	1844	1922	founded National Cash Resister Co., after buying James Ritty’s patents
965	Greeting Cards:
967	Joyce Hall*	1891	1982	founded Hallmark, world’s leading card company and helped created many American holidays.
969	Toys/games:
971	Nolan Bushnell*			founded Atari in 1972 and invented first video game, Pong. Employed Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak before selling out to Time Warner in mid	70s for millions.
973	Herman Fisher	1898	1975	founded Fisher Price
975	Ruth and Elliot Handler*			founded Mattel, invented Barbie doll, and pioneered toy advertising aimed directly at kids, rather than at parents.
977	Alfred Butts and James Brunot			Butts invented Scrabble during the Great Depression, first calling it “Lexico,” then “IT,” then “Criss	Cross.” Made few sales until Brunot realized commercial possibilities. Brunot and his wife started making the game at their Connecticut home and renamed it “Scrabble.” In 1952 the owner of Macy’s discovered game on vacation and ordered it for his stores. In 1953 New York firm Selchow & Richter bought the rights.
979	Edward Binney and Harold Smith			inventors of Crayola Crayons
981	Lonnie Johnson			black chemist who invented Super Soaker water gun.
983	Joshua Lionel Cowen			invented battery and helped start Energizer before following his true passion and starting Lionel Corporation to make toy trains. Teamed up with Disney to make Mickey Mouse handcar.
985	Computers:
987	Herman Hollerith	1860	1929	founded Tabulating Machine Co., later became IBM
989	Thomas Watson, Sr.*	1874	1956	created IBM
991	Thomas Watson, Jr.			brought IBM into computer age
993	Marcia Hoff, Stanley Mazor, Frederico Faggin –			Intel scientists who invented microprocessor for fill order from Japanese company, Busicom.
995	Bill Gates*	1955		Microsoft
997	Paul Allen			Microsoft
999	Steve Jobs*			Apple
###	Steve Wozniak			Apple
###	William Seward Burroughs	1855	1898	invented calculating machine, founded American Arithmometer Co., which later became Burroughs Adding Machine Co.
###	Jaron Lanier
###	Michael Dell*	1965
###	Edward Roberts			invented Altair, 1st PC
###	An Wang	1920	1990	built hugely successful company and invented device at heart of magnetic core memory
###	Scott McNealy	1954		helped found Sun, which created popular Java language
###	Kenneth Olsen	1926		Started computer giant DEC, Digital Equipment Corporation, and challenged mai	nframe	compute	r business	by	pio	neeri	ng	mi				ni	com	pute	rs.
###	Gary Kildall*			invented first multi	platform PC operating system. Bill Gates later bought a pirated version of Kildall’s program and sold it to IBM as the first Microsoft DOS.
###	Seymour Cray	1925	1996	started Cray Research, leader in supercomputing. Also one of the founders of Control Data Systems in 1957.
###	Howard Aiken			invented the Mark Computer series at Harvard
###	Alan Ashton	1942		president and co founder of WordPerfect Corporation.
###	Bruce Barton	1948		CEO and co founder of WordPerfect.
###	Joseph R. Canion	1945		founder of Compaq Computer
###	George Stibitz	1904	1995	father of digital computer
###	John Backus			IBM scientist who developed FORTRAN, first high	level programming language
###	Robert Dennard			invented RAM, random access memory, patented in 1968
###	Henry Ross Perot	1930		started Electronic Data Systems
###	Robert Metcalfe			inventor of Ethernet, founder of 3Com
###	Sandra Kurtzig*			First multi	million dollar software entrepreneur.  Started ASK Computer Systems in 1972 with $2,000 of her own money and built it into $450 million company.
###	Internet:
###	Jim Clark*	1944		tech entrepreneur, founder of three billion dollar companies: Silicon Graphics, Netscape, and Healthion.
###	Marc Andreesen*			invented Netscape
###	Tim Berners Lee			invented the Web
###	Jeff Bezos			Amazon.com
###	Kevin O’Connor			DoubleClick co	founder
###	Steve Case			AOL
###	Douglas Engelbart			helped invent NLS, first hypertext, and credited with inventing the mouse and windows	style computer interface.
###	Ted Nelson			sociologist who coined word “hypertext” and who envisioned its applications
###	Jerry Yang and David Philo*			founded Yahoo
###	Pierre Omidyar			eBay, Inc.
###	Electronics:
###	Harold E. Edgerton	1903	1990	invented stroboscope, used for development of high	speed flash. Founding partner of EG&G, electronics company
###	William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain			invented transistor at Bell Labs. Shockley founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, one of first Silicon Valley start	ups.
###	Gordon Moore	1929		helped found Fairchild and Intel
###	Robert Noyce*	1927	1990	helped found Fairchild and Intel
###	Andy Grove*	1936		transformed Intel from memory chip maker into microprocessor	giant.
###	J. Erik Jonsson			Texas Instruments
###	Jack Kilby			invented integrated circuit at the same time as Noyce
###	William R. Hewlett and David Packard
###	Elmer Sperry*	1860	1930	founded 8 companies, including Sperry Electronics, and Sperry Gyroscope, eventually Sperry Rand which became Unysis Frederick Terman – “father” of Silicon Valley, at Stanford
###	Charles Tandy	1928	1978	transformed family leather business into Radio Shack.
###	Marvin Camras	1916	1995	invented mechanisms used for magnetic tape recording
###	Charles Ginsburg			led team at Ampex Corporation to invent videotape recorder (VTR).
###	PR/Ads/Marketing:
###	George Gallup*
###	Leo Burnett
###	David Ogilvy
###	William Bernbach*	1911	1982
###	Edward Bernays* –			father of PR
###	Lester Wunderman*
###	Bruce Barton			formed famous ad agency in early 20th Century
###	Albert Lasker	1880	1952	transformed advertising business by making agencies write copy rather than just placing text written by clients in publications.
###	A. C. Nielsen	1897	1980	TV market surveyor
###	James Walter Thompson
###	Helen and Stanley Resor
###	Shirley Polykoff			wrote famous “does she or doesn’t she?” ads for Clairol
###	Cigarettes:
###	James Duke*	1856	1925	Tobacco king
###	Richard Reynolds	1850	1918	started Prince Albert Tobacco Company, Camel Cigarettes, and challenged Duke’s supremacy