“Canals” of Mars  Giovanni Schiaparelli  Italy 1877
“Scotch” tape  Richard Drew  U.S. 1929
Adrenaline  (isolation of) John Jacob Abel  U.S. 1897
Aerosol can  Erik Rotheim  Norway 1926
Air brake  George Westinghouse  U.S. 1868
Air conditioning  Willis Carrier  U.S. 1911
Airship  (non-rigid) Henri Giffard  France 1852  (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin
Aluminum manufacture  (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall  U.S. 1866
Anesthetic  (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long  U.S. 1842
Antibiotics  Jules-François Joubert  France 1887  (discovery of penicillin  first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming  England  1928; (penicillin's infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey  Ernst Chain  England 1940
Antiseptic  (surgery) Joseph Lister  England 1867
Antitoxin, diphtheria  Emil von Behring  Germany 1890
Appliances, electric  (fan) Schuyler Wheeler  U.S. 1882  (flatiron) Henry W. Seely  U.S.  1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher  U.S. 1906
Aqualung  Emile Gagnan  France 1943
Aspirin  Dr. Felix Hoffman  Germany 1899
Astronomical calculator  first century B.C.  Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900. 50
Atom  (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford  England 1911
Atomic structure  Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford  England 1911  (proposed current concept of atomic structure  the Bohr model) Niels Bohr  Denmark 1913
Atomic theory  Democritus  Greece -500  Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton  England 1808
Automobile  250 rpm) Karl Benz  Germany 1885  (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine  900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler  Germany  1885; (first true automobile  not carriage with motor) René Panhard  Emile Lavassor  France  1891; (carburetor  spray) Charles E. Duryea  U.S. 1892
Autopilot  (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry  U.S. 1910  in a Curtiss flying boat.
Avogadro's law  (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro  Italy 1811
Bacteria  Anton van Leeuwenhoek  The Netherlands 1683
Balloon, hot-air  Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier  France 1783
Barbed wire  (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden  U.S. 1873
Barometer  Evangelista Torricelli  Italy 1643
Bicycle  Karl D. von Sauerbronn  Germany 1816  (first modern model) James Starley
Big Bang theory  (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre  Belgium 1927  (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow  confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson  U.S. 1965
Blood, circulation of  William Harvey  England 1628
Boyle's law  (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle  Ireland 1662
Braille  Louis Braille  France 1829
Bridges  (suspension  iron chains) James Finley  U.S. 1800  1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin  Lyons  1825; (truss) Ithiel Town  U.S. 1820
Bullet  (conical) Claude Minié  France 1849
Calculus  Isaac Newton  England 1669  (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz
Camera  (hand-held) George Eastman  U.S. 1888  (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land
Car radio  William Lear  U.S. 1929  Elmer Wavering  manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co.  “Motorola.”
Carpet sweeper  Melville R. Bissell  U.S. 1876
Cells  (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke  England 1665  (theory
Cement, Portland  Joseph Aspdin  England 1824
Chewing gum  (spruce-based) John Curtis  U.S. 1848  (chicle-based) Thomas Adams
Cholera bacterium  Robert Koch  Germany 1883
Circuit, integrated  (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer  England 1952  (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby 1959
Classification of plants  based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino  Italy 1583  1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus  Sweden  1737–1753.
Clock, pendulum  Christian Huygens  The Netherlands 1656
Coca-Cola  John Pemberton  U.S. 1886
Combustion  (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier  France 1777
Compact disk  RCA  U.S. 1972
Computers  (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage England 1830  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator  first all-electronic  completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC  Universal Automatic Computer  handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.
Concrete  (reinforced) Joseph Monier  France 1877
Condensed milk  Gail Borden  U.S. 1853
Conditioned reflex  Ivan Pavlov  Russia 1910
Conservation of electric charge  (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin  U.S. 1751 –1754.
Contagion theory  (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro  Italy 1546
Continental drift theory  (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini  France 1858  (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor 1912
Contraceptive, oral  Gregory Pincus  U.S. 1951  Carl Djerassi  Min Chuch Chang  John Rock
Converter, Bessemer  William Kelly  U.S. 1851
Cosamic string theory  (first postulated) Thomas Kibble  U.S. 1976
Cosmetics  Egypt -4000
Cotton gin  Eli Whitney  U.S. 1793
Crossbow  China -300
Cyclotron  Ernest O. Lawrence  U.S. 1931
Deuterium  (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey  U.S. 1931
Disease  1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur  France 1862 –1877.
DNA  (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer  Germany 1869  (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin  James D. Watson  U.S. 1953
Dye  start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin  England 1856
Dynamite  Alfred Nobel  Sweden 1867
E = mc2  (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein  Switzerland 1907
Electric cooking utensil  (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox  England 1874
Electric generator (dynamo)  (laboratory model) Michael Faraday  England 1832  Joseph Henry  France  1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla  U.S. 1892
Electric lamp  (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy  England 1801  (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel  England  Thomas A. Edison  U.S.  contemporaneously  1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush  U.S.  1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison  U.S.  1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt  U.S.  1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude  France  1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir  U.S. 1915
Electrocardiography  Demonstrated by Augustus Waller  England 1903  Dutch physiologist.
Electromagnet  William Sturgeon  England 1823
Electron  Sir Joseph J. Thompson  England 1897
Elevator, passenger  (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis  U.S. 1852  (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.
Engine, internal combustion  No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot  France 1824  (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir  France  1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto  Germany  1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel  Germany  1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel  Germany 1956
Evolution  (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck  France 1809  (by natural selection) Charles Darwin
Exclusion principle  (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli  Germany 1925
Expanding universe theory  (first proposed) George LeMaitre  Belgium 1927  (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble
Falling bodies, law of  Galileo Galilei  Italy 1590
Fermentation  (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur  France 1660
Fiber optics  Narinder Kapany  England 1955
Fibers, man-made  (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann  England 1883  (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet  France  1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss  U.S.  England  1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides  basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S.  England  Germany  1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers  U.S. 1935
Frozen food  Clarence Birdseye  U.S. 1924
Gene transfer  (human) Steven Rosenberg  U.S. 1989  R. Michael Blaese  W. French Anderson
Geometry, elements of  Euclid  Egypt -300  c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes  France; and Pierre de Fermat  Switzerland 1637
Gravitation, law of  Sir Isaac Newton  England 1665
Gunpowder  China 700
Gyrocompass  Elmer A. Sperry  U.S. 1905
Gyroscope  Léon Foucault  France 1852
Halley's Comet  Edmund Halley  England 1705
Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial Dr. Robert Jarvik  U.S. 1982
Helicopter  (double rotor) Heinrich Focke  Germany 1936  (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky
Helium first observed on sun  Sir Joseph Lockyer  England 1868
Heredity, laws of  Gregor Mendel  Austria 1865
Holograph  Dennis Gabor  England 1947
Home videotape systems (VCR)  (Betamax) Sony  Japan 1975  (VHS) Matsushita
Ice age theory  Louis Agassiz  Swiss-American 1840
Induction, electric  Joseph Henry  U.S. 1828
Insulin  (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best  Canada 1921  (discovery first published) Banting and Best  China 1966
Intelligence testing  Theodore Simon  France 1905
Interferon  Alick Isaacs  Jean Lindemann  England 1957  Switzerland
Inventions and Discoveries http://www.indianchild.com/inventions.htm
Isotopes  (concept of) Frederick Soddy  England 1912  (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson 1919
Jet propulsion  Hans von Ohain  England 1936  Germany  1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178 1939
Kinetic theory of gases  (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli  Switzerland 1738
Laser  (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes  U.S. 1958  Arthur L. Schawlow  A. Prokhorov  U.S.S.R.  1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman  U.S. 1960
Lawn mower  Edwin Budding  John Ferrabee  England 1830 –1831.
LCD (liquid crystal display)  Hoffmann-La Roche  Switzerland 1970
Lens, bifocal  Benjamin Franklin  U.S. 1760
Leyden jar  (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin  Pomerania 1745  independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek 1746  from where name originated.
Light, nature of  (wave theory) Christian Huygens  The Netherlands 1678  (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell
Light, speed of  (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer  Denmark 1675
Lightning rod  Benjamin Franklin  U.S. 1752
Lock, cylinder  Linus Yale  U.S. 1851
Locomotive  (steam powered) Richard Trevithick  England 1804  (first practical  1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific's “Big Boy ” U.S. 1941
Loom  (horizontal Egypt -4400  (Jacquard drawloom 1745  Joseph-Marie Jacquard  1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay  England  1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright  England 1785
Machine gun  (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling  U.S. 1862  (practical single barrel 1884
Magnet, Earth is  William Gilbert  England 1600
Match  (phosphorus) François Derosne  France 1816  (friction) Charles Sauria  Sweden 1855
Measles vaccine  John F. Enders  U.S. 1953  Thomas Peebles
Metric system France 1790 –1801.
Microphone  Charles Wheatstone  England 1827
Microscope  (compound) Zacharias Janssen  The Netherlands 1590  (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al.  Germany  1932–1939.
Microwave oven  Percy Spencer  U.S. 1947
Motion pictures  Thomas A. Edison  U.S. 1893
Motion pictures, sound  Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score  U.S. 1927
Motion, laws of  Isaac Newton  England 1687
Motor, electric  Michael Faraday  England 1822  (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla
Motorcycle  (motor tricycle) Edward Butler  England 1884  (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler
Moving assembly line  Henry Ford  U.S. 1913
Neptune  (discovery of) Johann Galle  Germany 1846
Neptunium  Philip H. Abelson  U.S. 1940
Neutron  James Chadwick  England 1932
Neutron-induced radiation  Enrico Fermi et al.  Italy 1934
Nitroglycerin  Ascanio Sobrero  Italy 1846
Nuclear fission  Fritz Strassmann  Germany 1938
Nuclear reactor  Italy 1942
Oil well  Edwin L. Drake  U.S. 1859
Oxygen  (isolation of) Joseph Priestley  England 1773
Ozone  Christian Schönbein  Germany 1839
Pacemaker  (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie  U.S. 1957  Earl Bakk
Paper China 100
Parachute  Louis S. Lenormand  France 1783
Pen  (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman  U.S. 1884  (ball-point  1888; (ball-point  for handwriting) Lazlo Biro  Argentina 1944
Periodic law  (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev  Russia 1869
Periodic table  (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev  Russia 1869
Phonograph  Thomas A. Edison  U.S. 1877
Photography  on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce  France 1816 –1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel  forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel  Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor  France  1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers  Kodachrome) U.S. 1935
Photovoltaic effect  (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel  France 1839
Piano  (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori  Italy 1709  (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood
Planetary motion, laws of  Johannes Kepler  Germany 1609 1619
Plant respiration and photosynthesis  Jan Ingenhousz  Holland 1779
Plastics  precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes  England 1855  involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt  U.S.  1869; (Bakelite  first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland  U.S.  1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger  Germany 1922
Plate tectonics  Alfred Wegener  Germany 1912 –1915.
Plow, forked  Mesopotamia -3000
Plutonium, synthesis of  Glenn T. Seaborg  U.S. 1941  Edwin M. McMillan  Arthur C. Wahl
Polio, vaccine  (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk  U.S. 1952  (effective large-scale field trials) 1954  (officially approved) 1955  (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin
Positron  Carl D. Anderson  U.S. 1932
Pressure cooker  (early version) Denis Papin  France 1679
Printing  (block) Japan Japan 700  Johann Gutenberg  offset) Aloys Senefelder  Germany  1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe  U.S.  1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler  U.S. 1884
Probability theory  René Descartes  France; and Pierre de Fermat 1654
Proton  Ernest Rutherford  England 1919
Prozac  (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy  Scotland 1987
Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud  Austria 1904
Pulsars  Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel  England 1967
Quantum theory  (general) Max Planck  Germany 1900  (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr  Erwin Schrödinger  Germany 1925
Quarks  Richard Taylor  U.S. 1967
Quasars  Marten Schmidt  U.S. 1963
Rabies immunization  Louis Pasteur  France 1885
Radar  (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer  Germany 1904  (pulse modulation  U.S.  1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt  England  1934–1935.
Radio  (electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell  Germany 1873  (spark coil  generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz  1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi  Italy  1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi  1901; (vacuum electron tube  basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming  England  1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest  U.S.  1906; (regenerative circuit  allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong  U.S.  1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong  U.S. 1933
Radio signals, extraterrestrial  Karl Jansky  U.S. 1931
Radio waves  (cosmic sources  U.S. 1932  led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky
Radioactivity  (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen  Germany 1895  (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel  radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie  Pierre Curie  France  1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie  France  1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard  France 1900
Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method  Willard F. Libby  U.S. 1950
Razor  (safety  U.S. 1901  successfully marketed) King Gillette  U.S. 1928 1931
Reaper  Cyrus McCormick  U.S. 1834
Refrigerator  Alexander Twining  U.S. 1850  James Harrison  Australia  1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse  Chicago  U.S. 1913
Refrigerator ship  cooling unit designed by Charles Teller  France 1877
Relativity  Switzerland  Germany 1905 –1953.
Revolver  Samuel Colt  U.S. 1835
Richter scale  Charles F. Richter  U.S. 1935
Rifle  (muzzle-loaded) Italy  Germany 1475  (breech-loaded) England  U.S.  c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser  Germany  1889; (automatic) John Browning  U.S. 1918
Rocket  (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard  U.S. 1926
Roller bearing  (wooden for cartwheel)  Germany -100
Rotation of Earth  Jean Bernard Foucault  France 1851
Royal Observatory, Greenwich John Flamsteed England 1675
Rubber  (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear  U.S. 1839
Saccharin  Constantine Fuhlberg  U.S. 1879  Ira Remsen
Safety pin  Walter Hunt  U.S. 1849
Saturn, ring around  Christian Huygens  The Netherlands 1659
Screw propeller  Sir Francis P. Smith  England 1836  John Ericsson 1837
Seismograph  (first accurate) John Milne  England 1880
Sewing machine  Elias Howe  U.S. 1846  (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer
Solar energy  First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler  U.S. 1860  John Ericsson
Solar system, universe  (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus Poland 1543  (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler  Italian monk 1584
Spectrum  (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton  England 1665
Spectrum analysis  Robert Bunsen  Germany 1859
Spermatozoa  Anton van Leeuwenhoek  The Netherlands 1683
Spinning  (spinning wheel) India India 1000  c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves  England  1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright  England  1769; (spinning mule  completed mechanization of spinning  permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton  England 1779
Star catalog  (first modern) Tycho Brahe  Denmark 1572
Steam engine  (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery  England 1639  (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen  Newcomen  1725; (modern condensing  double acting) James Watt  England 1782
Steamship  Claude de Jouffroy d'Abbans  France 1783  James Rumsey  U.S.  1790. All preceded Robert Fulton  U.S. 1807  credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.
Stethoscope  René Laënnec  France 1819
Sulfa drugs  para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo  Austria 1935
Superconductivity  Scheiffer  U.S. 1957
Symbolic logic  George Boule  England 1854  1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell  Alfred North Whitehead
Tank, military  Sir Ernest Swinton  England 1914
Tape recorder  (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen  Denmark 1899
Teflon  DuPont  U.S. 1943
Telegraph  Samuel F. B. Morse  U.S. 1837
Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell  U.S. 1876
Telescope  Hans Lippershey  The Netherlands 1608  (astronomical) Galileo Galilei  England 1668
Television  (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table)  U.S. 1923  Vladimir Zworkin  and also kinescope (cathode ray tube)  1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird  England  C.F. Jenkins  U.S.  1926; (first all-electric television image) 1927  Philo T. Farnsworth  U.S; (color  mechanical disk) Baird  1928; (color  compatible with black and white) George Valensi  France  1938; (color  sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark  U.S.  first introduced  1951; (color  compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S.  National Television Systems Committee 1953
Thermometer  (open-column) Galileo Galilei Italy 1593  c.1615; (mercury  also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit  Germany  1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius  Sweden  1742; (absolute-temperature  or Kelvin  scale) William Thompson  Lord Kelvin  England 1848
Tire, pneumatic  Robert W. Thompson  England 1845  (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop
Toilet, flush  Product of Minoan civilization  Crete -2000
Tractor  Benjamin Holt  U.S. 1900
Transformer, electric  William Stanley  U.S. 1885
Transistor  John Bardeen  U.S. 1947  Walter H. Brattain  William B. Shockley
Tuberculosis bacterium  Robert Koch  Germany 1882
Typewriter  Christopher Sholes  U.S. 1867  Carlos Glidden
Uncertainty principle  at the same time) Werner Heisenberg  Germany 1927
Uranus  (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel  England 1781
Vaccination  Edward Jenner  England 1796
Vacuum cleaner  (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey  England 1873  1873; (upright) J. Murray Spangler  U.S. 1907
Van Allen (radiation) Belt  (around Earth) James Van Allen  U.S. 1958
Video disk  Philips Co.  The Netherlands 1972
Vitamins  Casimir Funk  England 1912  (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum  M. Davis  U.S.  1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum  U.S.  1915–1916; (thiamin  B1) Casimir Funk  England  1912; (riboflavin  B2) D. T. Smith  E. G. Hendrick  U.S.  1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem  U.S.  1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy  U.S.  1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist  T. Froelich  Norway  1912; (vitamin D) McCollum  U.S.  1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills  England 1933
Voltaic pile  first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta  Italy 1800
Wallpaper  Europe 1600
Wassermann test  (for syphilis) August von Wassermann  Germany 1906
Wheel  (cart  solid wood) Mesopotamia -3800
Windmill  Persia 600
World Wide Web  (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee  U.S. 1989  (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson
Xerography  Chester Carlson  U.S. 1938
Zero  India 600  cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson  Lord Kelvin  England 1848
Zipper  W. L. Judson  U.S. 1891